Identifying hotspots and risk factors for tick-borne encephalitis virus emergence at its range margins to guide interventions, Great Britain

Hassall, Richard M.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4489-8831; Holding, Maya; Medlock, Jolyon M.; Asaaga, Festus A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-9464; Vanwambeke, Sophie O.; Hewson, Roger; Purse, Bethan V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2710. 2025 Identifying hotspots and risk factors for tick-borne encephalitis virus emergence at its range margins to guide interventions, Great Britain. Eurosurveillance, 30 (13), 2400441. 12, pp. 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.13.2400441

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Abstract/Summary

•Background: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is expanding its range in Europe, with increasing human cases reported. Since the first detection of TBEV in ticks in the United Kingdom in 2019, one possible, two probable and two confirmed autochthonous cases in humans have been reported. •Aim: We aimed to understand the environmental and ecological factors limiting TBEV foci at their range edge and predict suitable areas for TBEV establishment across Great Britain (GB) by modelling patterns of exposure to TBEV in deer. •Methods: We developed spatial risk models for TBEV by integrating data between 2018 and 2021 on antibodies against tick-borne flavivirus in fallow, muntjac, red and roe deer with data on potential risk factors, including climate, land use, forest connectivity and distributions of bank voles and yellow-necked mice. We overlayed modelled suitability for TBEV exposure across GB with estimations on number of visitors to predict areas of high human exposure risk. •Results: Models for fallow, muntjac and roe deer performed well in independent validation (Boyce index > 0.92). Probable exposure to TBEV was more likely to occur in sites with a greater percentage cover of coniferous woodland, with multiple deer species, higher winter temperatures and rates of spring warming. •Conclusion: The resulting TBEV suitability maps can be used by public health bodies in GB to tailor surveillance and identify probable high-risk areas for human exposure to guide awareness raising and vaccination policy. Combining animal surveillance and iterative spatial risk modelling can enhance preparedness in areas of tick-borne disease emergence.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.13.2400441
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	Biodiversity and Land Use (2025-)
ISSN:	1560-7917
Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:	Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment Health
Date made live:	08 Apr 2025 11:23 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/539226

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