Global and hemispheric climate variations affecting the Southern Ocean

Simmonds, Ian; King, John C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3315-7568. 2004 Global and hemispheric climate variations affecting the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science, 16 (4). 401-413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102004002226

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Abstract/Summary

The hemispheric and regional atmospheric circulation influences the Southern Ocean in many and profound ways, including intense air-sea fluxes of momentum, energy, fresh water and dissolved gases. The Southern Ocean ventilates a large fraction of the world ocean and hence these influences are spread globally. We use the NCEP-2 reanalysis data set to diagnose aspects of the large-scale atmospheric structure and variability and explore how these impact on the Southern Ocean. We discuss how the 'Southern Annular Mode' and the 'Pacific-South American' pattern influence the Southern Ocean, particularly in the eastern Pacific. We review the importance of atmospheric eddies in Southern Ocean climate, and the role they play in the transport of mechanical energy into the ocean. The fluxes of fresh water across the air-sea boundary influence strongly the processes of water mass formation. It is shown that climatological precipitation exceeds evaporation over most of the Southern Ocean. When averaged over the ocean from 50degreesS to the Antarctic coast the annual mean excess is 0.80 mm day(-1). The magnitude of the flux displays only a small measure of seasonality, and its largest value of 0.92 mm day(-1) occurs in summer.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102004002226
Programmes:	BAS Programmes > Antarctic Science in the Global Context (2000-2005) > Antarctic Climate Processes
ISSN:	0954-1020
Additional Keywords:	air-sea fluxes, atmosphere-ocean kinetic energy transfer, extratropical cyclones, freshwater budget, Pacific-South American pattern, Southern Annular Mode
NORA Subject Terms:	Marine Sciences Meteorology and Climatology Earth Sciences Atmospheric Sciences
Date made live:	23 Feb 2012 14:10 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/12421

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