The arsenic concentration in groundwater from the Abbey Arms Wood observation borehole, Delamere, Cheshire, UK:

A 150 m observation borehole was drilled in Abbey Arms Wood, Delamere, Cheshire, UK in order to explore the local hydrogeological conditions and to understand better the source of the high concentrations of arsenic in some of the local groundwaters. The borehole was located on an outcrop of the Helsby Sandstone Formation (part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group) and was cored into the underlying Wilmslow Sandstone Formation. The aquifers in the area are unconfined and give rise to low-Fe groundwaters with As concentrations in the 10–50 µg l–1 range. The chemical composition of the sediments is quite uniform down to 150 m. The total arsenic content is in the range from 5 to 15 mg kg–1 and averaged 8 mg kg–1 (n = 60). There is no trend in sediment As concentration with depth, but pore water centrifuged from the core steadily increased in As concentration with depth. The As concentration ranges from 8 µg l–1 at 10 m (unsaturated zone) to 30 µg l–1 at 150 m. The source of the dissolved As remains unclear but the lack of evidence for discrete high-As minerals or zones of mineralization suggests that it is probably derived by desorption from rock-forming minerals in the sandstones, e.g. iron oxides. This may be in response to slightly higher pH (up to 8.0 at depth). If this trend applies throughout the area, restricting the screened interval for abstraction boreholes to the uppermost parts of the saturated zone may reduce As concentrations, but is likely to reduce yields and may also risk encountering groundwaters with high nitrate concentrations.