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Global dataset of soil eukaryotic communities created with a uniform protocol and long read sequencing

Mikryukov, Vladimir ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-2690; Dulya, Olesya ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-8659; Abarenkov, Kessy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-4845; Anslan, Sten ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2299-454X; Hagh-Doust, Niloufar ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0616-5829; Prins, Victoria ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8968-6773; Panksep, Kristel ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-6111; Põlme, Sergei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9658-1166; Ibrahim, Khalid S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8585-3429; Bahram, Mo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9539-3307; Adamson, Kalev ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8838; Agan, Ahto; Ahmed, Talaat ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-1855; Alatalo, Juha M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5084-850X; Albornoz, Felipe E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9526-0945; Al-Hatmi, Abdullah MS ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-2647; Alkahtani, Saad ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7381-5110; Alvarez-Manjarrez, Julieta ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-7443; Ankuda, Jelena ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9446-7802; Antonelli, Alexandre ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1842-9297; Ariyan, Manikandan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7277-0544; Armolaitis, Kęstutis ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-2440; Aslani, Farzad ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-9800; Barrio, Isabel C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-5248; Bauters, Marijn ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-6639; Biersma, Elisabeth Machteld ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-2177; Bitenieks, Krišs ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8829-3263; Bonito, Gregory; Brearley, Francis Q. 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ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1512-0956; Espenberg, Mikk ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0469-6394; Fanuel, Ongua ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4902-4858; Fedosov, Vladimir E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-6346; Florence, Luke ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1901-7772; Furneaux, Brendan R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-7363; Furtado, Ariadne N. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-7553; Färkkilä, Sanni ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4485-5567; Gamova, Natalia S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4141-757X; Garibay-Orijel, Roberto ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6977-7550; Geml, József ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-0423; Ghosh, Soumya ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-3516; Godoy, Roberto ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-3091; Gohar, Daniyal ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-1142; Gryzenhout, Marieka; Hasan, Ayad H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7280-2254; Hashem, Amr H.; Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-6004; Henkel, Terry W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9760-8837; Hiiesalu, Indrek; Hiiesalu, Inga ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-2376; Hosseyni Moghaddam, Mahdieh S.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Inostroza, Karina ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3026-6291; Kariman, Khalil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2070-4713; Karimullina, Elina ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6459-2293; Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1681-2877; Khalid, Abdul Nasir; Klavina, Darta ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1455-9062; Kohout, Petr ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-2310; Korotkov, Yuri N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-0887; Kupagme, John Y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9981-050X; Kurina, Olavi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4858-4629; Lamit, Louis James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0385-6010; Lateef, Adebola Azeez; Ledoux, Njouonkou André ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9733-7248; Lim, Young Woon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-3449; Maciá-Vicente, Jose G.; Makovskis, Kristaps ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4943-1912; Martínez, Sebastián ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0455-5823; Marín, César ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-8929; Meidl, Peter; Mortimer, Peter E.; Mundra, Sunil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0535-118X; Naluyange, Victoria ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3990-9751; Netherway, Tarquin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9049-9225; Newsham, Kevin K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-0936; Nouhra, Eduardo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7080-8211; Nyamukondiwa, Casper; Nteziryayo, Vincent ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0176-5780; Ochieno, Dennis M. W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-9421; Oja, Jane ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-2284; Onipchenko, Vladimir G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-1171; Otsing, Eveli ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7416-257X; Owaid, Mustafa Nadhim ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9005-4368; Piepenbring, Meike ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7043-5769; Pochekutova, Polina ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0453-9869; Pombo, Maihyra Marina ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0329-9736; Pritsch, Karin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6384-2473; Puusepp, Rasmus ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-3776; Pärn, Jaan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-8894; Põldmaa, Kadri ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7936-2455; Rahimlou, Saleh ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-1329; Rinaldi, Andrea C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-1037; Rojas, Oscar ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0176-9685; Roslin, Tomas ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-4791; Runnel, Kadri ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7308-3623; Rähn, Elisabeth; Saba, Malka ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7673-2345; Saitta, Alessandro; Salih, Talal Sabhan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-6131; Sarapuu, Joosep ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-5612; Serrano, Eduard ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9082-473X; Serrano, Oscar ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5973-0046; Sharmah, Dipon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5579-3103; Sharp, Cathy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4985-1543; Skalska-Tuomi, Maria W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-5177; Tchan, Kassim Issifou ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8572-3405; Truong, Camille ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8510-1761; van der Merwe, Helga ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7677-5123; Vanié-Léabo, Linda L. P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6504-3456; Vasco-Palacios, Aida M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0539-9711; Verbeken, Annemieke; Vlk, Lukáš ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9201-8715; Wijayawardene, Nalin N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-5498; Wood, Jennifer L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7313-5681; Yasanthika, W. A. Erandi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-3801; Yorou, Nourou S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6997-811X; Zahn, Geoffrey ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-692X; Zettur, Irma; Zucconi, Laura ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9793-2303; Kõljalg, Urmas ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5171-1668; Tedersoo, Leho ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1635-1249. 2026 Global dataset of soil eukaryotic communities created with a uniform protocol and long read sequencing. Scientific Data, 13. 12, pp. 10.1038/s41597-026-07315-y

Abstract

Soil eukaryotes, including fungi, protists, plants, and animals, are central to biosphere functioning and resilience. The Global Standardised Soil Eukaryome Dataset (GloSED) is the first dataset encompassing the entire spectrum of soil eukaryotes, covering 4,063 sampling sites in 121 countries on all continents, revealing nearly one million operational taxonomic units. All samples were collected and analysed using a standardised protocol minimizing technical biases. Long-read sequencing of full-length ITS and 18S-V9 regions provide broad taxonomic coverage and high-resolution identification supported by specialist curation of “dark taxa”. A rigorous bioinformatic processing ensures against homopolymer errors, PCR-mediated chimeras, and index switching providing high data quality. The dataset is supported by raw sequences and an open-source containerised workflow for reproducible analyses. The samples are accompanied by land-cover description and directly measured soil pH, δ 13 C, δ 15 N, as well as P, K, Ca, Mg, and total C and N contents. GloSED is the first database that enables ecological and biogeographic studies of entire soil eukaryotic communities from local to global scales.

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Programmes:
BAS Programmes 2015 > Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation
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