Animal‐mediated seed dispersal: a review of study methods

By dispersing seeds, animals provide ecological functions critical for the ecology, evolution, and conservation of plants. We review quantitative and empirical approaches and emerging technologies to quantify processes and patterns of animal-mediated seed dispersal (zoochory) across its phases: from predispersal to postdispersal. In addition, we consider approaches to studying seed disperser behaviors and plant traits, both of which influence all dispersal phases of animal-mediated dispersal. Finally, we discuss how we can use quantitative and empirical approaches to integrate across seed dispersal phases and address data gaps to improve our mechanistic understanding of zoochory and its consequences for ecology and conservation. To move towards generalization and predictability in seed dispersal ecology, we recommend the development of standardized protocols that can be widely implemented across systems with simultaneous and iterative development of theory and quantitative models. As approaches in studying animal-mediated seed dispersal continue to advance, exciting opportunities present themselves to increase our understanding of seed dispersal ecology.