Warm edge kelp populations show elevated volatility to marine heatwaves

Reliable predictions of species responses to intensifying temperature extremes are crucial for managing climate change impacts. However, limited data of species' responses to heat stress across their distribution restricts prediction accuracy. Here we analyse three-decades of kelp abundance observations in Australia, including cool to warm-edge populations, relative to marine heatwaves (MHWs). As MHWs intensified, changes in kelp abundances shifted from positive to negative. Warm-edge populations displayed steeper declines in abundance change than central and cool-edge populations under comparable MHWs. Our results support a hybrid thermal performance model, whereby thermal limits differ between populations, but performance volatility increases toward species' warm-edge, heightening vulnerability of warm-edge populations. Importantly, realised impacts of MHWs were evident at smaller thermal anomalies than predicted by experiments and distribution models, highlighting the importance of calibrating theoretical approaches with realised ecological change. By integrating a multi-faceted approach, our study is generalisable for improving predictions of species' population vulnerability.