Advances and challenges in modelling the environmental fate and exposure of pharmaceuticals: a comprehensive review

Uluseker, Cansu ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9828-0458; Lofts, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-851X; Harrison, Sam ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8491-4720. 2025 Advances and challenges in modelling the environmental fate and exposure of pharmaceuticals: a comprehensive review. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 25, pp. 10.1039/D5EM00449G

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Abstract/Summary

Pharmaceutical contamination in the environment poses a global concern, raising questions about potential implications for both ecology and human health. Unravelling the fate and exposure of these contaminants is crucial, as it depends on various factors, including their physicochemical properties, metabolic pathways, breakdown processes ( e.g. , oxidation and hydrolysis), and environmental conditions. Applying model-based approaches to assess the fate and exposure of pharmaceuticals is essential for evaluating their potential risks and impacts on the environment and public health. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art models used to predict the environmental fate and exposure of pharmaceuticals, focusing on sources, theoretical frameworks, comparative analyses of existing models, and factors such as polarity, metabolism, and breakdown processes. Additionally, the paper identifies current challenges and outlines future directions in this field.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.1039/D5EM00449G
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	Environmental Pressures and Responses (2025-)
ISSN:	2050-7887
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment Chemistry
Date made live:	17 Nov 2025 12:33 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/540582

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