Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats

VanCompernolle, Michelle ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-0443; Morris, Juliet ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7572-7090; Calich, Hannah J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7541-9584; Rodríguez, Jorge P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6593-5032; Marley, Sarah A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-4949; Pearce, Jessica R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2353-1149; Abrahms, Briana ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-5045; Abrantes, Katya ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-8817; Afonso, André S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9129-278X; Aguilar, Alex ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-2512; Agyekumhene, Andrews ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-0919; Akamatsu, Tomonari ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-6199; Åkesson, Susanne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-2180; Alawa, Nyimale G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2499-0726; Alfaro‐Shigueto, Joanna ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-7686; Anderson, R. C.; Anker‐Nilssen, Tycho ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1030-5524; Arata, Javier A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7320-0511; Araujo, Gonzalo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4708-3638; Arostegui, Martin C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9313-9487; Arrizabalaga, Haritz ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-6316; Arrowsmith, Lucy M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-6650; Auger‐Méthé, Marie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3550-4930; Avila, Isabel C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-8908; Bailleul, Fred ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-4708; Barker, Joanna ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1396-6851; Barlow, Dawn R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6102-5058; Barnett, Adam ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7430-8428; Barrios‐Garrido, Hector ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-2656; Baylis, Alastair M.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5167-0472; Bearzi, Giovanni ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3324; Bejder, Lars ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8138-8606; Belda, Eduardo J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1995-1271; Benson, Scott R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3829-2355; Berumen, Michael L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2463-2742; Bestley, Sophie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-669X; Bezerra, Natalia P.A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4203-8408; Blaison, Antonin V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-5961; Boehme, Lars ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-6816; Bograd, Steven J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-9932; Abimbola, Bolaji Dunsin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2376-1684; Bond, Mark E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5261-5152; Borrell, Asunción ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6714-0724; Bouchet, Phil J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-2049; Boveng, Peter ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-4833; Braulik, Gill ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8919-4187; Braun, Camrin D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9317-9489; Brodie, Stephanie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-9939; Bugoni, Leandro ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-7026; Bustamante, Carlos ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0816-6406; Campana, Steven E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-3761; Cárdenas‐Alayza, Susana ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8828-9552; Carmichael, Ruth H.; Carroll, Gemma ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-0946; Carter, Matt I.D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-6254; Ceia, Filipe R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5470-5183; Cerchio, Salvatore ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-5969; Ferreira, Luciana C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-2799; Chambault, Philippine ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4054-6334; Chapple, Taylor K.; Charvet, Patricia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8801-433X; Chavez, Elpis J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1549-5563; Chevallier, Damien ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2232-6787; Chiaradia, Andre ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-4211; Chilvers, B. Louise ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7657-4217; Cimino, Megan A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1715-2903; Clark, Bethany L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-7744; Clarke, C. R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-4491; Clay, Thomas A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0644-6105; Cloyed, Carl S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-5808; Cochran, Jesse E.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-5052; Collins, Tim ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7124-4876; Cortes, Enric ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-2482; Cuevas, Eduardo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3814-7211; Curnick, David J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3093-1282; Dann, Peter ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-701X; de Bruyn, P.J. Nico ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9114-9569; de Vos, Asha ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3332-8232; Derville, Solène ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0380-7921; Dias, Maria P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-4391; Diaz‐Lopez, Bruno ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0388-3289; Dodge, Kara L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-0698; Dove, Alistair D.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3239-4772; Doyle, Thomas K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-5590; Drymon, J. Marcus ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-004X; Dudgeon, Christine L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5059-7886; Dutton, Peter H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6628-8962; Ellenberg, Ursula ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3100-6742; Elwen, Simon H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7467-6121; Emmerson, Louise ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-0961; Eniang, Edem A.; Espinoza, Mario ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8355-2411; Esteban, Nicole ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4693-7221; Mul, Evert ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7297-8081; Fadely, Brian S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9172-1887; Fayet, Annette L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6373-0500; Feare, Chris ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-2056; Ferguson, Steven H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3794-0122; Feyrer, Laura Joan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9300-1947; Finucci, Brittany ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-2946; Florko, Katie R.N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3829-7447; Fontes, Jorge ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-2731; Fortuna, C. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3036-5337; Fossette, Sabrina ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-9084; Fouda, Leila ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-3697; Frere, Esteban ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-5440; Fuentes, Mariana M.P.B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-824X; Gallagher, Austin J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-3440; Borboroglu, Pablo Garcia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-5561; Garrigue, Claire ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8117-3370; Gauffier, Pauline ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2984-6993; Gennari, Enrico ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4334-727X; Genov, Tilen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4814-8891; Germanov, Elitza S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8797-4451; Giménez, Joan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9207-4792; Godfrey, Matthew H.; Godley, Brendan J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3845-0034; Goldsworthy, Simon D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-9085; Gollock, Matthew; Carman, Victoria González ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-1753; Gownaris, Natasha J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4963-1447; Grecian, W. James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6428-719X; Guzman, Hector M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9928-8523; Hamann, Mark ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-7955; Hammerschlag, Neil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-9082; Hansen, Erpur S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-2817; Harris, Mike P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-5830; Hastie, Gordon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-2755; Haulsee, Danielle E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-0278; Hazen, Elliott L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0412-7178; Heide‐Jørgensen, Mads Peter ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4846-7622; Hieb, Elizabeth E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-0332; Higdon, Jeff W.; Hindell, Mark A.; Hinke, Jefferson T. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-1414; Hoenner, Xavier ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5811-1166; Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0283-6058; Holmes, Bonnie J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8559-9950; Hoyt, Erich ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6946-4055; Huckstadt, Luis A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-7350; Hussey, Nigel E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9050-6077; Huveneers, Charlie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8937-1358; Irvine, Lyn G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9389-5402; Jabado, Rima W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6239-6723; Jacoby, David M.P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-3811; Jaeger, Audrey ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-0315; Jagielski, Patrick M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4539-7905; Jessopp, Mark ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2692-3730; Jewell, Oliver J.D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-8960; Alvarado, David Jiménez ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7164-8125; Jordan, Lance K.B.; Jorgensen, Salvador J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4331-1648; Kahn, Benjamin; Karamanlidis, Alexandros A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-1619; Kato, Akiko ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8947-3634; Keith‐Diagne, Lucy W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0275-7966; Kiani, M. S.; Kiszka, Jeremy J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1095-8979; Kock, Alison A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9981-1652; Kopf, R. Keller ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-0074; Kuhn, Carey ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-9744; Kyne, Peter M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-2625; Laidre, Kristin L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2787-650X; Lana, Fernanda O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-069X; Lander, Michelle E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3491-0881; Corre, Matthieu Le; Lee, Olivia A.; Leeney, Ruth H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-9868; Levengood, Alexis L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-5366; Levenson, J. Jacob ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-2775; Libertelli, Marcela ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-4849; Liu, Kwang‐Ming ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-7660; Mendilaharsu, Milagros Lopez; Loveridge, Alexandra ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2651-4870; Lowe, Christopher G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9389-8208; Lynch, Heather J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-1612; Macena, Bruno C.L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-8560; Mackay, Alice I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2837-3760; Madrigal‐Mesén, Jeffry ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2377-1946; Mallory, Mark L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2744-3437; Mangel, Jeffrey C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-8606; Mansfield, Katherine L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-2861; March, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6118-761X; Marcoux, Marianne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8867-3814; Marsh, Helene ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3492-4992; Marshall, A.D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1886-5355; Mattern, Thomas ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-8180; Maxwell, Sara M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-9378; McGuire, Rebecca L.; McLeay, Lachlan; McMahon, Clive R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-8917; Methion, Séverine ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9348-2592; Meyers, Eva K.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0303-1422; Michelot, Candice ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7742-7174; Masere, Cara ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-918X; Minton, Gianna ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4284-2540; Morales‐Vela, Benjamin; Mucientes, Gonzalo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6650-3020; Murua, Hilario ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8577-5291; Nicoll, M.A.C.; Niella, Yuri ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1878-6091; Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-617X; Oppel, Steffen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-3789; Orgeret, Florian ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1940-7797; Oswald, Julie N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1524-9592; Owen, Ellie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2073-2420; Pacoureau, Nathan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8363-6332; Paiva, Vitor H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6368-9579; Palacios, Daniel M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-7913; Panigada, Simone ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0856-1227; Papastamatiou, Yannis P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6091-6841; Parra, Guido J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1284-4898; Parsons, Sylvia K.; Patterson‐Fraser, Donna L.; Peckham, S. Hoyt ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-1333; Petersen, Stephen D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3929-809X; Pichegru, Lorien ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3815-9845; Pierce, Simon J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-5175; Pipa, Tânia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-0253; Pirotta, Enrico ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-3676; Pistorius, Pierre ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6561-7069; Pollom, Riley A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8260-4614; Prieto, Rui ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0354-2572; Prosdocimi, Laura ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-9713; Pütz, Klemens ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1375-2669; Queiroz, Nuno ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-7356; Quinn, John L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-3146; Ramos, Jaime A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9533-987X; Raudino, Holly C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-6431; Recalde‐Salas, Angela ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3383-8902; Rees, ALan F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-8235; Reina, Richard D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-1300; Reisinger, Ryan R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8933-6875; Reynolds, Samantha D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-8018; Richardson, Anthony James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9289-7366; Riddoch, Nicholas G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-9157; Riet‐Sapriza, Federico G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-2802; Robbins, James R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-719X; Robinson, David P.; Rodríguez, Airam ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7882-135X; Rogers, Tracey L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-4177; Rohner, Christoph A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8760-8972; Rojas‐Cañizales, Daniela ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5439-5835; Ruhomaun, Kevin; Kent, Chandra Salgado ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3460-609X; Sato, Katsufumi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-4784; Scales, Kylie L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0843-0956; Scheidat, Meike ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9702-6490; Schofield, Gail; Serena, Fabrizio ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-8124; Setyawan, Edy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6629-5997; Shaffer, Scott A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7751-5059; Shea, Brendan D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-0586; Shearer, Laura ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9928-0270; Sheaves, Marcus ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-3439; Sherley, Richard B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7367-9315; Shillinger, George L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5168-4551; Shimada, Takahiro ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3364-5169; Silva, Mónica A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-309X; Skomal, Gregory ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-453X; Smith, Reyd A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8616-6612; Smoothey, Amy F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8271-686X; Soldo, Alen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-7558; Southall, Emily J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7246-278X; Steinfurth, Antje ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-5425; Stewart, D. Bruce ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9487-243X; Stewart, Joshua D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6851-2289; Takahashi, Akinori ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9868-0408; Tatayah, Vikash ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0759-254X; Thalmann, Sam; Thiebot, Jean‐Baptiste ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-1228; Tomás, Jesús ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0120-7006; Torres, Leigh G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-3950; Trathan, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-9930; Trillmich, Fritz ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4816-1156; Ueda, Kazuoki; Vandeperre, Frederic ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-6917; Vanstreels, Ralph Eric Thijl ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2359-4828; Vedor, Marisa ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-3732; Villegas‐Amtmann, Stella; Waller, Lauren J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5263-1646; Waller, Matt ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9839-3452; Wanless, Sarah ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2788-4606; Waples, Kelly ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4215-0387; Watt, Cortney A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4062-5729; Wege, Mia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9022-3069; Weir, Caroline R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2052-5037; Wells, Randall S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9793-4181; Wensveen, Paul J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-2543; White, Timothy D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-7698; Whiting, Scott D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-9559; Wiig, Øystein ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0395-5251; Wildermann, Natalie E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0317-6832; Wiley, David N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5490-8645; Williams, Jessica Lauren ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-3370; Williams, Rosie S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1801-8092; Wilson, Kenady ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5921-2145; Witt, Matthew J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9498-5378; Womersley, Freya C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7962-5665; Yurkowski, David J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-167X; Zhang, Jie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8186-035X; Costa, Daniel P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0233-5782; Duarte, Carlos M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1213-1361; Meekan, Mark G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3067-9427; Harcourt, Rob ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-2934; Sims, David W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0916-7363; Hays, Graeme C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-8189; Pattiaratchi, Charitha ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2229-6183; Eguíluz, Víctor M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-1289; Sequeira, Ana M.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-799X. 2025 Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats. Conservation Biology, e70147. 25, pp. 10.1111/cobi.70147

Before downloading, please read NORA policies.

Preview

Text (Open Access) © 2025 The Author(s). Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology. Conservation Biology - 2025 - VanCompernolle - Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial 4.0. Download (3MB) | Preview

Abstract/Summary

Marine megafauna species are affected by a wide range of anthropogenic threats. To evaluate the risk of such threats, species’ vulnerability to each threat must first be determined. We build on the existing threats classification scheme and ranking system of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species by assessing the vulnerability of 256 marine megafauna species to 23 at-sea threats. The threats we considered included individual fishing gear types, climate-change-related subthreats not previously assessed, and threats associated with coastal impacts and maritime disturbances. Our ratings resulted in 70 species having high vulnerability (v > 0.778 out of 1) to at least 1 threat, primarily drifting longlines, temperature extremes, or fixed gear. These 3 threats were also considered to have the most severe effects (i.e., steepest population declines). Overall, temperature extremes and plastics and other solid waste were rated as affecting the largest proportion of populations. Penguins, pinnipeds, and polar bears had the highest vulnerability to temperature extremes. Bony fishes had the highest vulnerability to drifting longlines and plastics and other solid waste; pelagic cetaceans to 4 maritime disturbance threats; elasmobranchs to 5 fishing threats; and flying birds to drifting longlines and 2 maritime disturbance threats. Sirenians and turtles had the highest vulnerability to at least one threat from all 4 categories. Despite not necessarily having severe effects for most taxonomic groups, temperature extremes were rated among the top threats for all taxa except bony fishes. The vulnerability scores we provide are an important first step in estimating the risk of threats to marine megafauna. Importantly, they help differentiate scope from severity, which is key to identifying threats that should be prioritized for mitigation.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.1111/cobi.70147
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	UKCEH Fellows
ISSN:	0888-8892
Additional Information:	Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.
Additional Keywords:	anthropogenic threats, climate change, expert elicitation, fishing, marine megafauna, vulnerability
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment Marine Sciences
Date made live:	17 Nov 2025 11:17 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/540580

Actions (login required)

View Item

Document Downloads

More statistics for this item...