Species, genes and epigenetics: how dimensions of diversity interact for forest resilience

Diversity is seen as key to building the resilience of UK forests and woodlands to future environmental change. However, diversity has many dimensions encompassing species diversity, within-species genetic diversity and within-individual epigenetic effects. Current forest management strategies and policies have a strong focus on building species diversity but rarely consider how different dimensions of diversity interact and how they can be integrated to enhance resilience. In this article, we explore current knowledge on these dimensions of diversity as well as known and potential interactions. We identify key aspects of forestry for which the multiple dimensions of diversity have an impact, namely: (1) spatial scale, (2) natural colonisation and regeneration, and (3) the nursery environment. We conclude with general points to consider when using multiple dimensions of diversity to increase forest resilience.