Trade‐offs among restored ecosystem functions are context‐dependent in Mediterranean‐type regions

Fiedler, Sebastian ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5620-6989; Perring, Michael P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8553-4893; Monteiro, José A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-9918; Branquinho, Cristina ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-7924; Buzhdygan, Oksana; Cavieres, Lohengrin A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-3020; Cleland, Elsa E.; Cortina‐Segarra, Jordi; Grünzweig, José M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1654-2205; Holm, Jennifer A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5921-3068; Irob, Katja ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-7450; Keenan, Trevor F.; Köbel, Melanie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-7999; Maestre, Fernando T.; Pagel, Jörn; Rodríguez‐Ramírez, Natalia; Ruiz‐Benito, Paloma ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2781-5870; Schurr, Frank M.; Sheffer, Efrat; Valencia, Enrique; Tietjen, Britta ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4767-6406. 2025 Trade‐offs among restored ecosystem functions are context‐dependent in Mediterranean‐type regions. Ecography, e07609. 10.1002/ecog.07609

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Abstract/Summary

Global biodiversity hotspots, including Mediterranean‐type ecosystems worldwide, are highly threatened by global change that alters biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and services. Some restoration activities enhance ecosystem functions by reintroducing plant species based on known relationships between plant traits and ecosystem processes. Achieving multiple functions across different site conditions, however, requires understanding how abiotic factors like climate and soil, along with plant assemblages, influence ecosystem functions, including their trade‐offs and synergies. We used the ModEST ecosystem simulation model, which integrates carbon, water, and nutrient processes with plant traits, to assess the relationships between restored plant assemblages and ecosystem functions in Mediterranean‐type climates and soils. We investigated whether maximised carbon increment, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency, along with their trade‐offs and synergies, varied across different abiotic contexts. Further, we asked whether assemblages that maximised functions varied across environments and among these functions. We found that maximised ecosystem carbon increment and nitrogen use efficiency occurred under moist, warm conditions, while water use efficiency peaked under drier conditions. Generally, the assemblage that maximised one function differed from those for other maximised functions. Synergies were rare, except between water and nitrogen use efficiencies in loam soils across most climates. Trade‐offs among maximised functions were common, varying in strength with abiotic context and plant assemblages, and were more pronounced in sandy loam soils compared to clay‐rich soils. Our findings suggest that due to variation in abiotic conditions within and across Mediterranean‐type regions at the global scale, site‐specific plant assemblages are required to maximise ecosystem functions. Thus, lessons from a single site cannot be transferred to another site, even where the same plant functional types are available for restoration. Our simulation results offer valuable insights into potential ecosystem performance under specific abiotic conditions following restoration with particular plant functional types, thereby informing local restoration efforts.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.1002/ecog.07609
Groups/Sections (CEH only):	Land-Atmosphere Interactions (2025-)
ISSN:	0906-7590
Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:	Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.
Additional Keywords:	biotic and abiotic context, ecosystem functioning, ecosystem restoration, Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs), process-based simulation modelling, trade-offs and synergies
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment Computer Science Data and Information
Related URLs:	Dataset
Date made live:	22 Apr 2025 13:56 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/539292

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