The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)

Hutchison, William ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-3277; Sugden, Patrick; Burke, Andrea ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3754-1498; Abbott, Peter ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-9499; Ponomareva, Vera V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-9923; Dirksen, Oleg ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5736-0978; Portnyagin, Maxim V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5197-6562; MacInnes, Breanyn; Bourgeois, Joanne; Fitzhugh, Ben; Verkerk, Magali ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2596-9447; Aubry, Thomas J.; Engwell, Samantha L.; Svensson, Anders; Chellman, Nathan J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-1046; McConnell, Joseph R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-5240; Davies, Siwan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0999-7233; Sigl, Michael; Plunkett, Gill ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1014-3454. 2025 The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122 (1), e2416699122. 10.1073/pnas.2416699122

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416699122

Abstract/Summary

Polar ice cores and historical records evidence a large-magnitude volcanic eruption in 1831 CE. This event was estimated to have injected ~13 Tg of sulfur (S) into the stratosphere which produced various atmospheric optical phenomena and led to Northern Hemisphere climate cooling of ~1 °C. The source of this volcanic event remains enigmatic, though one hypothesis has linked it to a modest phreatomagmatic eruption of Ferdinandea in the Strait of Sicily, which may have emitted additional S through magma–crust interactions with evaporite rocks. Here, we undertake a high-resolution multiproxy geochemical analysis of ice-core archives spanning the 1831 CE volcanic event. S isotopes confirm a major Northern Hemisphere stratospheric eruption but, importantly, rule out significant contributions from external evaporite S. In multiple ice cores, we identify cryptotephra layers of low K andesite-dacite glass shards occurring in summer 1831 CE and immediately prior to the stratospheric S fallout. This tephra matches the chemistry of the youngest Plinian eruption of Zavaritskii, a remote nested caldera on Simushir Island (Kurils). Radiocarbon ages confirm a recent (<300 y) eruption of Zavaritskii, and erupted volume estimates are consistent with a magnitude 5 to 6 event. The reconstructed radiative forcing of Zavaritskii (−2 ± 1 W m −2 ) is comparable to the 1991 CE Pinatubo eruption and can readily account for the climate cooling in 1831–1833 CE. These data provide compelling evidence that Zavaritskii was the source of the 1831 CE mystery eruption and solve a confounding case of multiple closely spaced observed and unobserved volcanic eruptions.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.1073/pnas.2416699122
ISSN:	0027-8424
Date made live:	27 Feb 2025 16:51 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/538982

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

10.1073/pnas.2416699122

ISSN:

0027-8424

Date made live:

27 Feb 2025 16:51 +0 (UTC)

URI:

https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/538982