Forest expansion and irrigated agriculture reinforce low river flows in southern Europe during dry years

Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2892-518X; Kenawy, Ahmed El ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6639-6253; Peña-Angulo, Dhais; Lorenzo-Lacruz, Jorge ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-1776; Murphy, Conor; Hannaford, Jamie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-3310; Dadson, Simon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-4639; Stahl, Kerstin; Noguera Corral, Iván ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-9504; Fraquesa, Magí; Fernández-Duque, Beatriz; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3085-7040. 2025 Forest expansion and irrigated agriculture reinforce low river flows in southern Europe during dry years. Journal of Hydrology, 653, 132818. 15, pp. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132818

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132818

Abstract/Summary

This study analyses the evolution of annual streamflow across Europe between 1962 and 2017, focusing on the connection of streamflow trends with climate dynamics and physiographic and land cover characteristics and changes. The spatial pattern of trends in streamflow shows strong agreement with the spatial patterns of climate trends, suggesting a climate control of these trends. However, analysing temporal evolution at the basin scale shows that the strong decrease in streamflow in southern Europe cannot be directly associated with climate dynamic. In fact, a negative trend related to non-climate factors clearly emerges. Rather, we show that forest growth and irrigated agriculture are the leading drivers of negative streamflow trends in southern Europe, particularly during dry years due to the greater proportion of green water consumption compared to blue water generation. These findings have significant implications, particularly in the context of widely embraced nature-based solutions for mitigating climate change, including carbon sequestration through forests and the planned expansion of irrigated agricultural lands in central and northern European countries as a response to rising crop water demands. These developments could potentially diminish water resources availability, leading to an increased occurrence and severity of low flow periods.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132818
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	Water and Climate Science (2025-) Directors, SCs
ISSN:	0022-1694
Additional Keywords:	streamflow, land cover, irrigation, drought
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment Hydrology
Date made live:	18 Feb 2025 13:04 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/538924

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132818

UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:

Water and Climate Science (2025-)
Directors, SCs

ISSN:

0022-1694

Additional Keywords:

streamflow, land cover, irrigation, drought

NORA Subject Terms:

Ecology and Environment
Hydrology