Evolution of ice rises in the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land, over the last millennium

We investigate two ice rises, Kupol Moskovskij and Kupol Ciolkovskogo, in the Fimbul Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, situated ~60 km from each other but differing in their glaciological settings. We apply a thermo-mechanically coupled Elmer/Ice model to profiles going across these ice rises and use it to investigate their past evolution covering present to several millennia ago. We constrain the model results using field measurements, including surface-velocity measurements, and surface mass balance estimated by isochronous radar stratigraphy dated with firn cores. We find that the ice rises are thickening at present (2012–2014), which started only in recent decades. Investigation of deeper radar reflectors suggests a stronger upwind-downwind contrast in surface mass balance in the past for both ice rises, with varying details. This result matches what was previously found on Blåskimen Island ice rise, which is also in the Fimbul Ice Shelf. Moreover, Kupol Moskovskij, situated at a shear margin, shows signs of recent changes in its ice-divide position, while Kupol Ciolkovskogo shows a more stable divide position. This study highlights the long-term influence of surface mass balance on ice rises, as well as the strong influence of local glaciological settings on their evolution.