Wave setup at the Minamitorishima tide gauge

A tide gauge situated on the western shore of Minamitorishima, a small atoll in the western Pacific, has measured sea levels significantly impacted by wave setup. Evidence for this rests with (a) strong correlations between sea level anomalies and high swell and (b) sea-level differences with satellite altimetry that display near-linear dependence on offshore swell heights (regression coefficient 30 cm per meter of swell). Setup is primarily induced by swell from the northwest. We develop models of wave setup which lead to corrected sea levels better reflecting the surrounding ocean, and thus more readily useful to studies of regional sea level and practical applications such as altimetry calibration. The wave setup is also evidently affecting measurements of the tide, with suppressed tide amplitudes in winter when swell is generally largest. In February 2020 the tide gauge was relocated to the southern shore of the island, and the wave setup is now markedly reduced.