Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat

Proud, R.; Le Guen, C.; Sherley, R.B.; Kato, A.; Ropert-Coudert, Y.; Ratcliffe, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-2431; Jarman, S.; Wyness, A.; Arnould, J.P.Y.; Saunders, R.A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-7222; Fernandes, P.G.; Boehme, L.; Brierley, A.S.. 2021 Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat [in special issue: Marine Conservation and Sustainability] Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 745200. 18, pp. 10.3389/fmars.2021.745200

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Text (Open Access) Copyright © 2021 Proud, Le Guen, Sherley, Kato, Ropert-Coudert, Ratcliffe, Jarman, Wyness, Arnould, Saunders, Fernandes, Boehme and Brierley. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. fmars-08-745200.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Download (3MB) | Preview

Abstract/Summary

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) are an iconic Southern Ocean species, but the prey distributions that underpin their at-sea foraging tracks and diving behaviour remain unclear. We conducted simultaneous acoustic surveys off South Georgia and tracking of king penguins breeding ashore there in Austral summer 2017 to gain insight into habitat use and foraging behaviour. Acoustic surveys revealed ubiquitous deep scattering layers (DSLs; acoustically detected layers of fish and other micronekton that inhabit the mesopelagic zone) at c. 500 m and shallower ephemeral fish schools. Based on DNA extracted from penguin faecal samples, these schools were likely comprised of lanternfish (an important component of king penguin diets), icefish (Channichthyidae spp.) and painted noties (Lepidonotothen larseni). Penguins did not dive as deep as DSLs, but their prey-encounter depth-distributions, as revealed by biologging, overlapped at fine scale (10s of m) with depths of acoustically detected fish schools. We used neural networks to predict local scale (10 km) fish echo intensity and depth distribution at penguin dive locations based on environmental correlates, and developed models of habitat use. Habitat modelling revealed that king penguins preferentially foraged at locations predicted to have shallow and dense (high acoustic energy) fish schools associated with shallow and dense DSLs. These associations could be used to predict the distribution of king penguins from other colonies at South Georgia for which no tracking data are available, and to identify areas of potential ecological significance within the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands marine protected area.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.3389/fmars.2021.745200
ISSN:	2296-7745
Additional Keywords:	acoustic surveys, Aptenodytes patagonicus, diving behaviour, foraging habitat, king penguin, prey distribution, Southern Ocean, South Georgia
Date made live:	29 Nov 2021 10:28 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/531458

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