South Georgia microcontinent: displaced fragment of the southernmost Andes

The mountainous, glaciated island of South Georgia is the crest of one of the most isolated fragments of continental crust on Earth. It is located approximately 1700 km east of the southern termination of the Andean Cordillera of South America. The island is primarily composed of Lower Cretaceous turbidites, the infill of a marginal basin floored by stretched continental and ophiolitic crust. Remnants of a volcanic arc are preserved on offshore islands to the southwest. The Pacific hinterland of the southernmost Andes is missing in Tierra del Fuego, terminating at a submarine escarpment forming the continental margin immediately east of Cape Horn. The arc and back-arc basin infill rocks of South Georgia correspond exactly to part of the missing Cordilleran hinterland. The mechanism of transport of the South Georgia microcontinent eastward relative to South America remains obscure, but likely involved some form of ‘escape tectonics’ during mid- to Late Cretaceous counterclockwise rotation of the arc that led to closure and inversion of the marginal basin.