Atlantic overturning circulation questions abound

The global overturning circulation system connects all of Earth’s oceans and redistributes mass, heat, salt, carbon, and nutrients. In the Atlantic Ocean, this overturning loop involves the formation of cold, deep waters in the high-latitude North Atlantic and warm, upper ocean waters entering the South Atlantic from other oceans. Over the past 2 decades, the ocean and climate science community has undertaken an international enterprise to observe and predict the Atlantic component of this phenomenon, known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).