Status of known non-native species introductions and impacts (updated)

Antarctic biodiversity and ecosystems are under threat from introduced non-native species. Currently the Antarctic Peninsula and off shore islands are the most invaded areas. Invasions are likely to increase, facilitated by climate change and increased human activity in the region. Despite success in eradication of non-native plants, established non-native invertebrate species have already begun to increase their distribution within Antarctica with largely unknown impacts upon native organisms and habitats. Further scientific research could usefully investigate surveillance and detection techniques, the rate and extent of microbial and marine introductions, rates of transfer of native and non-native species between Antarctica eco-regions, and devise optimal prevention and ultimately eradication methodologies.