Upsetting the order: how climate and atmospheric change affects herbivore–enemy interactions

Gaining a better understanding of climate and atmospheric change effects on species interactions is one of the great
challenges facing modern ecology.Here, we review the
literature concerning the responses of insect herbivores and
their natural enemies to atmospheric and climate change,
focusing specifically on elevated concentrations of
atmospheric CO2 and air temperatures.We recommend that
future work on the responses of systems to climate change
incorporates as far as possible the trophic complexity
inherent in ecosystems, and where feasible, considers the
effects of interrelated climate factors in tandem. Such
studies will produce more realistic insights into how species interactions may respond under future climates.