Landscape alteration and habitat modification: impacts on plant-pollinator systems

Insect pollinators provide an important ecosystem service to many crop species and underpin the reproductive assurance of many wild plant species. Multiple, anthropogenic pressures threaten insect pollinators. Land-use change and intensification alters the habitats and landscapes that provide food and nesting resources for pollinators. These impacts vary according to species traits, producing winners and losers, while the intrinsic robustness of plant-pollinator networks may provide stability in pollination function. However, this functional stability might be eroded by multiple, interacting stressors. Anthropogenic changes in pollinator-mediated connectivity will alter plant mating systems (e.g. inbreeding level), with implications for plant fitness and phenotypes governing trophic interactions. The degree to which plant populations can persist despite, or adapt to, pollination deficits remains unclear.