Titanium in UK rural, agricultural and urban/industrial rivers: Geogenic and anthropogenic colloidal/sub-colloidal sources and the significance of within-river retention

Neal, Colin; Jarvie, Helen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4984-1607; Rowland, Philip; Lawlor, Alan; Sleep, Darren ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1128-1883; Scholefield, Paul ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-6431. 2011 Titanium in UK rural, agricultural and urban/industrial rivers: Geogenic and anthropogenic colloidal/sub-colloidal sources and the significance of within-river retention. Science of the Total Environment, 409 (10). 1843-1853. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.021

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.021

Abstract/Summary

Operationally defined dissolved Titanium [Ti] (the b0.45 μm filtered fraction) in rivers draining rural, agricultural, urban and industrial land-use types in the UK averaged 2.1 μg/l with a range in average of 0.55 to 6.48 μg/l. The lowest averages occurred for the upland areas of mid-Wales the highest just downstream of major sewage treatment works (STWs). [Ti] in rainfall and cloud water in mid-Wales averaged 0.2 and 0.7 μg/l, respectively. Average, baseflow and stormflow [Ti] were compared with two markers of sewage effluent and thus human population: soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and boron (B). While B reflects chemically conservative mixing, SRP declined downstreamof STWinputs due to in-streamphysico-chemical and biological uptake. The results are related to colloidal and sub-colloidal Ti inputs from urban/industrial conurbations coupled with diffuse background (geological) sources and within-river removal/retention under low flows as a result of processes of aggregation and sedimentation. The urban/industrial inputs increased background [Ti] by up to eleven fold, but the total anthropogenic Ti input might well have been underestimated owing to withinriver retention. A baseline survey using cross-flow ultrafiltration revealed that up to 79% of the [Ti]was colloidal/nanoparticulate (N1 kDa i.e. Nc. 1–2 nm) for the rural areas, but as lowas 28% for the urban/industrial rivers. This raises fundamental issues of the pollutant inputs of Ti,with the possibility of significant complexation of Ti in the sewage effluents and subsequent breakdown within the rivers, as well as the physical dispersion of fine colloids down to the macro-molecular scale. Although not directly measured, the particulate Ti can make an important contribution to the net Ti flux.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.021
Programmes:	CEH Topics & Objectives 2009 - 2012 > Water > WA Topic 2 - Ecohydrological Processes > WA - 2.3 - Assess the responses of river, lake and wetland ecosystems to ecohydrological drivers CEH Topics & Objectives 2009 - 2012 > Water > WA Topic 2 - Ecohydrological Processes > WA - 2.1 - Identify and quantify sources, fluxes and pathways of water, chemicals ...
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	Shore Acreman Parr
ISSN:	0048-9697
Additional Keywords:	rivers, titanium, colloid, nanoparticle, Ribble, Wyre
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment Chemistry
Date made live:	31 Mar 2011 12:30 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/13655

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.021

Programmes:

CEH Topics & Objectives 2009 - 2012 > Water > WA Topic 2 - Ecohydrological Processes > WA - 2.3 - Assess the responses of river, lake and wetland ecosystems to ecohydrological drivers
CEH Topics & Objectives 2009 - 2012 > Water > WA Topic 2 - Ecohydrological Processes > WA - 2.1 - Identify and quantify sources, fluxes and pathways of water, chemicals ...

UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:

Shore
Acreman
Parr

ISSN:

0048-9697

Additional Keywords:

rivers, titanium, colloid, nanoparticle, Ribble, Wyre