Geological evolution of the Antongil Craton, NE Madagascar

The Antongil Craton, along with the Masora and Antananarivo cratons, make up the fundamental Archaean building blocks of the island of Madagascar. They were juxtaposed during the late- Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic assembly of Gondwana. In this paperwegive a synthesis of the geology of the Antongil Craton and present previously published and new geochemical and U–Pb zircon analyses to provide an event history for its evolution. The oldest rocks in the Antongil Craton form a nucleus of tonalitic gneiss, characteristic of Palaeo- Mesoarchaean cratons globally, including phases dated between 3320±14Ma to 3231±6Ma and 3187±2Ma to 3154±5 Ma. A series of mafic dykes was intruded into the Mesoarchaean tonalites and a sedimentary succession was deposited on the craton prior to pervasive deformation and migmatisation of the region. The age of deposition of the metasediments has been constrained from a volcanic horizon to around 3178±2Ma and subject to migmatisation at around 2597±49 Ma. A subsequent magmatic episode generated voluminous, weakly foliated granitic rocks, that also included additions from both reworked older crustal material and younger source components. An earlier granodiorite-dominated assemblage, dated between 2570±18Ma and 2542±5 Ma, is largely exposed in xenoliths and more continuously in the northern part of the craton, while a later monzogranite-dominated phase, dated between 2531±13Ma and 2513±0.4Ma is more widely developed. Together these record the stabilisation of the craton, attested to by the intrusion of a younger dyke swarm, the age of which is constrained by a sample of metagabbro dated at 2147±6 Ma, providing the first evidence for Palaeoproterozoic rocks from the Antongil Craton. The youngest events recorded in the isotopic record of the Antongil Craton are reflected in metamorphism, neocrystallisation and Pb-loss at 792±130Ma to 763±13Ma and 553±68 Ma. These events are interpreted as being the only manifestation of the Pan-African orogeny seen in the craton, which led to the assembly of the tectonic blocks that comprise the island.