How consistent are trends in arrival (and departure) dates of migrant birds in the UK?

We examine the first arrival and last departure dates of migrant bird species from, respectively, six and three English area bird reports. Of all 145 bird series, 50% demonstrated significantly earlier arrival in recent years with the average advance over all species being 0.25 days/year or 12 days earlier over 50 years. 30% of 67 series demonstrated significantly later departure, with the average species delay being 0.16 days/year or 8 days later over 50 years. There was greater consistency between species in trends in first arrival than in last departure, with species such as sand martin Riparia riparia significantly earlier at all six sites while, for example, spotted flycatcher Muscicapa striata showed no significant change in arrival at all sites. Significant negative correlations between arrival dates and English temperatures were found for 26% of all series but temperature effects on departures were less clear. We provide some evidence that trends in arrival dates may be masked by population declines in birds. Since migrant bird populations are in decline generally this may suggest that the real advance in arrival dates may be greater than that reported here.