Mapping the ratio of agricultural inputs to yields reveals areas with potentially less sustainable farming

Bullock, James M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0529-4020; Jarvis, Susan G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6770-2002; Fincham, William N.W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0614-3937; Risser, Hannah ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-1092; Schultz, Carolin; Spurgeon, David J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3264-8760; Redhead, John W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-3848; Storkey, Jonathan; Pywell, Richard F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-9959. 2024 Mapping the ratio of agricultural inputs to yields reveals areas with potentially less sustainable farming. Science of The Total Environment, 909, 168491. 11, pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168491

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168491

Abstract/Summary

Fertilisers and pesticides are major sources of the environmental harm that results from farming, yet it remains difficult to target reductions in their impacts without compromising food production. We suggest that calculating the ratio of agrochemical inputs to yield can provide an indication of the potential sustainability of farmland, with those areas that have high input relative to yield being considered as less sustainable. Here we design an approach to characterise such Input to Yield Ratios (IYR) for four inputs that can be plausibly linked to environmental impacts: the cumulative risk resulting from pesticide exposure for honeybees and for earthworms, and the amount of nitrogen or phosphorus fertiliser applied per unit area. We capitalise on novel national-scale data to assess IYR for wheat farming across all of England. High-resolution spatial patterns of IYR differed among the four inputs, but hotspots, where all four IYRs were high, were in key agricultural regions not usually characterised as having low suitability for cropping. By scaling the magnitude of each input against crop yield, the IYR does not penalise areas of high yield with higher inputs (important for food production), or areas with low yields but which are achieved with low inputs (important as low impact areas). Instead, the IYR provides a globally applicable framework for evaluating the broad patterns of trade-offs between production and environmental risk, as an indicator of the potential for harm, over large scales. Its use can thus inform targeting to improve agricultural sustainability, or where one might switch to other land uses such as ecosystem restoration.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168491
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	Biodiversity (Science Area 2017-) Pollution (Science Area 2017-) Soils and Land Use (Science Area 2017-)
ISSN:	0048-9697
Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:	Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.
Additional Keywords:	agrochemicals, biodiversity, fertilisers, honeybees, pesticides, wheat
NORA Subject Terms:	Agriculture and Soil Science Data and Information
Related URLs:	Dataset
Date made live:	07 Dec 2023 12:04 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/536419

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168491

UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:

Biodiversity (Science Area 2017-)
Pollution (Science Area 2017-)
Soils and Land Use (Science Area 2017-)

ISSN:

0048-9697

Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:

Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.

Additional Keywords:

agrochemicals, biodiversity, fertilisers, honeybees, pesticides, wheat