Mapping one health surveillance and networks for vector-borne disease prevention and control in Europe – a scoping review

The increasing vector-borne disease (re)emergence and geographic expansion, driven by environmental change, has been accompanied by growing calls for integrated or One Health surveillance approaches across the human, animal, and environmental health sectors. However, despite widespread advocacy and policy implementation, assessment of the extent to which existing systems achieve cross-sectoral integration remains unclear. There also remains limited evidence regarding existing surveillance capacities and the priorities of key actors within the surveillance ecosystem for transitioning to effectively integrated One Health (OH) surveillance systems, particularly in the context of vector-borne diseases. In this paper, we present the first evidence synthesis and mapping of the One Health Vector Borne Disease (VBD) surveillance systems landscape across Europe and the UK. We conducted targeted searches across Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library supplemented by grey literature and institutional searches across national surveillance organisations, which led to retrieval of 25 peer-reviewed papers and 72 distinct VBD surveillance systems. Of the 25 papers, overall profiling showed the OH VBD surveillance literature to be recent and predominantly quantitative, dominated by epidemiological and public health disciplines and concentrated in Northern/Western Europe. Also, there is limited use of evaluation frameworks for surveillance operationalisation and impact assessments across the reviewed literature. Analysis of the 72 surveillance systems showed that despite One Health rhetoric and government funding of over 90% of systems, there was persistent sectoral fragmentation, with systems skewed toward human health and animal health domains. Whilst institutional coordination existed in approximately 75% of systems, operational integration such as coordinated sampling and risk communication remained limited, and inclusion of the environmental health sector was underrepresented. We end by laying out opportunities for future research, with particular emphasis on the evaluation of effectiveness of surveillance and integration of social science and interdisciplinary perspectives. We also highlight opportunities for investing and funding the co-development and cross sectoral operationalisation for VBD surveillance and control.