Deep ocean seascape ecology: gaps and pathways for application

Context
The ecological implications of multiscale spatial heterogeneity remain poorly resolved in many parts of the ocean, especially at abyssal (3000–6000 m) and hadal (> 6000 m) depths. Seascape ecology offers a framework to link spatial patterns with ecological processes but remains an emerging approach for biodiversity research in the deep sea.

Objectives
We aim to promote wider recognition of seascape ecology as a unifying framework for understanding biodiversity, spatial patterns, and processes across scales in the deep ocean. Specifically, we aim to identify strategic priorities to advance seascape ecology in abyssal and hadal environments and to transform the framework from concept to practice.

Methods
We adapt foundational concepts of seascape ecology—Composition, Configuration, Connectivity, and Context —to deep-sea ecosystems across multiple scales. For each, we assess current knowledge, highlight key research gaps, and propose practical avenues for future application.

Results & Conclusions
Research gaps and priorities are outlined for each concept, as well as an operational workflow. Cross-cutting needs include multi-scale sampling and analysis, integration of abiotic and biotic data, incorporation of traits and phylogeny, improved temporal coverage, and greater technological and methodological standardisation.