Editorial: Understanding ocean ridges, a new frontier for science and development

Ocean ridges form where new lithospheric crust is generated by seafloor spreading at tectonic plate boundaries. Some stretch for tens of thousands of kilometres through the oceans, but others can be quite short e.g., in back arc basins. They host a range of habitats including active and inactive hydrothermal vents, peripheral areas, rocky slopes and soft sediments, all connected to the pelagic environment above. Active vents harbour exceptionally productive ecosystems fuelled by chemosynthesis and are colonized by endemic species. Seafloor massive sulfide deposits are formed over long periods of time at hydrothermal vents and may be rich in metals including copper, zinc, lead, gold, and silver. Recent interest by the mining industry in these minerals has stimulated scientific projects to better understand these poorly-known environments, including their biodiversity, functioning and connectivity. New knowledge is needed to inform management plans and ensure the protection of the marine environment.