Exploring sub-lethal effects of exposure to a nucleopolyhedrovirus in the speckled wood (Pararge aegeria) butterfly

This study investigated the sub-lethal effects of larval exposure to baculovirus on host life history and
wing morphological traits using a model system, the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.) and
the virus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus. Males and females showed similar responses to
the viral infection. Infection significantly reduced larval growth rate, whilst an increase in development
time allowed the critical mass for pupation to be attained. There was no direct effect of viral infection on
the wing morphological traits examined. There was, however, an indirect effect of resisting infection; larvae
that took longer to develop had reduced resource investment in adult flight muscle mass.