Opportunities and constraints of implementing the 3-30-300 rule for urban greening

Owen, Danial Wyn ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7744-9701; Fitch, Alice ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6260-8957; Fletcher, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-7453; Knopp, Julius; Levin, Gregor; Farley, Kate; Banzhaf, Ellen; Zandersen, Marianne; Grandin, Gwendoline; Jones, Laurence ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4379-9006. 2024 Opportunities and constraints of implementing the 3-30-300 rule for urban greening. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 98, 128393. 12, pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128393

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128393

Abstract/Summary

Urbanisation and climate change have increased the need for equitable access and visibility of urban green and blue spaces (GBS), to promote the sustainability and resilience of cities and to improve the well-being of their inhabitants. In this paper, we test an implementation of the newly proposed guideline to achieve equitable greening, the 3-30-300 rule, in three European cities: Paris Region (France), Aarhus Municipality (Denmark), and Grad Velika Gorica (Croatia). In this analysis, every residential building should have at least three viewable trees, 30% neighbourhood GBS cover, and a GBS of at least 1 hectare within 300 m. Our results show that none of the cities currently meet any of these three components, and the three cities differed in which rules were most closely met. In our implementation, substantial changes were needed in all cities to meet the guidelines: 12.6% of Paris, 10% of Aarhus, and 18.4% of Velika Gorica’s urban footprint were converted to grass or tree cover, with implications for >100,000 buildings and >900,000 inhabitants. Our study discusses how existing conditions in each city impacted the viability of meeting the rule and proposes key considerations for future implementations of such guidelines, drawing on examples of innovative GBS already implemented globally.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128393
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	Soils and Land Use (Science Area 2017-)
ISSN:	1618-8667
Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:	Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.
Additional Keywords:	planning, ecosystem services, urban design, urban green space, green infrastructure, green equity
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment
Date made live:	07 Jun 2024 12:10 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/537535

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128393

UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:

Soils and Land Use (Science Area 2017-)

ISSN:

1618-8667

Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:

Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.

Additional Keywords:

planning, ecosystem services, urban design, urban green space, green infrastructure, green equity