Faecal and nitrate contamination in the groundwater of Mardan district, Pakistan

Rahman, Zia ur; Ahmad, Saeed; Fidel, Rivka; Khalid, Salma; Ahmad, Iqbal; Humphrey, Olivier S.; Khan, Hizbullah; Khan, Bushra. 2021 Faecal and nitrate contamination in the groundwater of Mardan district, Pakistan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43. 3615-3624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00848-8

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00848-8

Abstract/Summary

This study aimed to determine the status of groundwater contamination with faecal coliform and nitrate in the rural areas of Mardan district, Pakistan. Both analytes require regular monitoring according to the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan. Groundwater samples (n = 100) were collected from 25 villages across four zones. Samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination, nitrite, and nitrate (NO−2 and NO−3). Whilst the average concentrations of NO−3 in the water samples were within the permissible limits of 50 mg L−1 set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and NEQS two villages exceeded the safety limits. Non-carcinogenic health risks of NO−3 were estimated in terms of average daily dose (ADD) and hazard quotient (HQ). The HQ values for NO−3 were > 1 for children signifying potential health risks; however, the adult population had HQ < 1 which indicates no risk. Groundwater samples tested positive for E. coli contamination in 13 villages, suggesting that residents may be living at risk of various microbial diseases due to drinking of contaminated water. The findings of this study provide valuable baseline data for groundwater researchers, policymakers, and the local public health department.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00848-8
ISSN:	0269-4042
Date made live:	19 Mar 2021 15:32 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529909

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00848-8

ISSN:

0269-4042

Date made live:

19 Mar 2021 15:32 +0 (UTC)

URI:

https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529909