Delivering sustained, coordinated and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for global impact

Newman, Louise; Heil, Petra; Trebilco, Rowan; Katsumata, Katsuro; Constable, Andrew J.; van Wijk, Esmee; Assmann, Karen; Beja, Joana; Bricher, Phillippa; Coleman, Richard; Costa, Daniel; Diggs, Steve; Farneti, Riccardo; Fawcett, Sarah; Gille, Sarah T.; Hendry, Katharine R.; Henley, Sian F.; Hofmann, Eileen; Maksym, Ted; Mazloff, Matthew; Meijers, Andrew J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3876-7736; Meredith, Michael P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7342-7756; Moreau, Sebastien; Ozsoy, Burcu; Robertson, Robin; Schloss, Irene R.; Schofield, Oscar; Shi, Jiuxin; Sikes, Elizabeth L.; Smith, Inga J.; Swart, Sebastiaan; Wahlin, Anna; Williams, Guy; Williams, Michael J.; Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura; Kern, Stefan; Lieser, Jan; Massom, Rob; Melbourne-Thomas, Jessica; Miloslavich, Patricia; Spreen, Gunnar. 2019 Delivering sustained, coordinated and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for global impact. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00433

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Text (Open Access) Copyright © 2019 Newman, Heil, Trebilco, Katsumata, Constable, van Wijk, Assmann, Beja, Bricher, Coleman, Costa, Diggs, Farneti, Fawcett, Gille, Hendry, Henley, Hofmann, Maksym, Mazloff, Meijers, Meredith, Moreau, Ozsoy, Robertson, Schloss, Schofield, Shi, Sikes, Smith, Swart, Wahlin, Williams, Williams, Herraiz-Borreguero, Kern, Lieser, Massom, Melbourne-Thomas, Miloslavich and Spreen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. fmars-06-00433.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Download (8MB) | Preview

Abstract/Summary

The Southern Ocean is disproportionately important in its effect on the Earth system, impacting climatic, biogeochemical and ecological systems, which makes recent observed changes to this system cause for global concern. The enhanced understanding and improvements in predictive skill needed for understanding and projecting future states of the Southern Ocean require sustained observations. Over the last decade, the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) has established networks for enhancing regional coordination and research community groups to advance development of observing system capabilities. These networks support delivery of the SOOS 20-year vision, which is to develop a circumpolar system that ensures time series of key variables, and deliver the greatest impact from data to all key end-users. Although the Southern Ocean remains one of the least-observed ocean regions, enhanced international coordination and advances in autonomous platforms have resulted in progress towards addressing the need for sustained observations of this region. Since 2009, the Southern Ocean community has deployed over 5700 observational platforms south of 40°S. Large-scale, multi-year or sustained, multidisciplinary efforts have been supported and are now delivering observations of essential variables at space and time scales that enable assessment of changes being observed in Southern Ocean systems. The improved observational coverage, however, is predominantly for the open ocean, encompasses the summer, consists of primarily physical oceanographic variables and covers surface to 2000 m. Significant gaps remain in observations of the ice-impacted ocean, the sea ice, depths more than 2000 m, the air-sea-ice interface, biogeochemical and biological variables, and for seasons other than summer. Addressing these data gaps in a sustained way requires parallel advances in coordination networks, cyberinfrastructure and data management tools, observational platform and sensor technology, platform interrogation and data-transmission technologies, modeling frameworks, and internationally agreed sampling requirements of key variables. This paper presents a community statement on the major scientific and observational progress of the last decade, and importantly, an assessment of key priorities for the coming decade, towards achieving the SOOS vision and delivering essential data to all end users.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00433
Additional Keywords:	Southern Ocean, Observations, modeling, ocean-climate interactions, ecosystem-based management, long-term monitoring, International coordination
Date made live:	08 Aug 2019 13:14 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/524294

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