Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability

Frajka-Williams, Eleanor ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-7838; Ansorge, Isabelle J.; Baehr, Johanna; Bryden, Harry L.; Chidichimo, Maria Paz; Cunningham, Stuart A.; Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Dong, Shenfu; Donohue, Kathleen A.; Elipot, Shane; Heimbach, Patrick; Holliday, N. Penny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-8002; Hummels, Rebecca; Jackson, Laura C.; Karstensen, Johannes; Lankhorst, Matthias; Le Bras, Isabela A.; Lozier, M. Susan; McDonagh, Elaine L.; Meinen, Christopher S.; Mercier, Herlé; Moat, Bengamin I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8676-7779; Perez, Renellys C.; Piecuch, Christopher G.; Rhein, Monika; Srokosz, Meric A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7347-7411; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Bacon, Sheldon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-9373; Forget, Gael; Goni, Gustavo; Kieke, Dagmar; Koelling, Jannes; Lamont, Tarron; McCarthy, Gerard D.; Mertens, Christian; Send, Uwe; Smeed, David A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1740-1778; Speich, Sabrina; van den Berg, Marcel; Volkov, Denis; Wilson, Chris ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-2912. 2019 Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260

Abstract/Summary

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) extends from the Southern Ocean to the northern North Atlantic, transporting heat northwards throughout the South and North Atlantic, and sinking carbon and nutrients into the deep ocean. Climate models indicate that changes to the AMOC both herald and drive climate shifts. Intensive trans-basin AMOC observational systems have been put in place to continuously monitor meridional volume transport variability, and in some cases, heat, freshwater and carbon transport. These observational programs have been used to diagnose the magnitude and origins of transport variability, and to investigate impacts of variability on essential climate variables such as sea surface temperature, ocean heat content and coastal sea level. AMOC observing approaches vary between the different systems, ranging from trans-basin arrays (OSNAP, RAPID 26°N, 11°S, SAMBA 34.5°S) to arrays concentrating on western boundaries (e.g., RAPID WAVE, MOVE 16°N). In this paper, we outline the different approaches (aims, strengths and limitations) and summarize the key results to date. We also discuss alternate approaches for capturing AMOC variability including direct estimates (e.g., using sea level, bottom pressure, and hydrography from autonomous profiling floats), indirect estimates applying budgetary approaches, state estimates or ocean reanalyses, and proxies. Based on the existing observations and their results, and the potential of new observational and formal synthesis approaches, we make suggestions as to how to evaluate a comprehensive, future-proof observational network of the AMOC to deepen our understanding of the AMOC and its role in global climate.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260
ISSN:	2296-7745
Date made live:	11 Jun 2019 12:27 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/523700

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260

ISSN:

2296-7745

Date made live:

11 Jun 2019 12:27 +0 (UTC)

URI:

https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/523700