Trace levels of sewage effluent are sufficient to increase class 1 integron prevalence in freshwater biofilms without changing the core community

Lehmann, Katja; Bell, Thomas; Bowes, Michael J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-1934; Amos, Gregory C.A.; Gaze, Will H.; Wellington, Elizabeth M.H.; Singer, Andrew C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-6063. 2016 Trace levels of sewage effluent are sufficient to increase class 1 integron prevalence in freshwater biofilms without changing the core community. Water Research, 106. 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.035

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.035

Abstract/Summary

Most river systems are impacted by sewage effluent. It remains unclear if there is a lower threshold to the concentration of sewage effluent that can significantly change the structure of the microbial community and its mobile genetic elements in a natural river biofilm. We used novel in situ mesocosms to conduct replicated experiments to study how the addition of low-level concentrations of sewage effluent (nominally 2.5 ppm) affects river biofilms in two contrasting Chalk river systems, the Rivers Kennet and Lambourn (high/low sewage impact, respectively). 16S sequencing and qPCR showed that community composition was not significantly changed by the sewage effluent addition, but class 1 integron prevalence (Lambourn control 0.07% (SE ± 0.01), Lambourn sewage effluent 0.11% (SE ± 0.006), Kennet control 0.56% (SE ± 0.01), Kennet sewage effluent 1.28% (SE ± 0.16)) was significantly greater in the communities exposed to sewage effluent than in the control flumes (ANOVA, F = 5.11, p = 0.045) in both rivers. Furthermore, the difference in integron prevalence between the Kennet control (no sewage effluent addition) and Kennet sewage-treated samples was proportionally greater than the difference in prevalence between the Lambourn control and sewage-treated samples (ANOVA (interaction between treatment and river), F = 6.42, p = 0.028). Mechanisms that lead to such differences could include macronutrient/biofilm or phage/bacteria interactions. Our findings highlight the role that low-level exposure to complex polluting mixtures such as sewage effluent can play in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. The results also highlight that certain conditions, such as macronutrient load, might accelerate spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.035
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	Acreman Rees (from October 2014)
ISSN:	0043-1354
Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:	Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.
Additional Keywords:	antibiotic resistance, sewage effluent, biofilms, class 1 integron-integrase gene, river health, river ecology
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment Biology and Microbiology
Date made live:	21 Sep 2016 15:18 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/514558

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.035

UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:

Acreman
Rees (from October 2014)

ISSN:

0043-1354

Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:

Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.

Additional Keywords:

antibiotic resistance, sewage effluent, biofilms, class 1 integron-integrase gene, river health, river ecology