The ecological dynamics of fecal contamination and Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in municipal Kathmandu drinking water

Karkey, Abhilasha; Jombart, Thibaut; Walker, Alan W.; Thompson, Corinne N.; Torres, Andres; Dongol, Sabina; Thieu, Nga Tran Vu; Thanh, Duy Pham; Ngoc, Dung Tran Thi; Vinh, Phat Voong; Singer, Andrew C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-6063; Parkhill, Julian; Thwaites, Guy; Basnyat, Buddha; Ferguson, Neil; Baker, Stephen. 2016 The ecological dynamics of fecal contamination and Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in municipal Kathmandu drinking water. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10 (1), e0004346. 18, pp. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004346

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Official URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.13...

Abstract/Summary

One of the UN sustainable development goals is to achieve universal access to safe and affordable drinking water by 2030. It is locations like Kathmandu, Nepal, a densely populated city in South Asia with endemic typhoid fever, where this goal is most pertinent. Aiming to understand the public health implications of water quality in Kathmandu we subjected weekly water samples from 10 sources for one year to a range of chemical and bacteriological analyses. We additionally aimed to detect the etiological agents of typhoid fever and longitudinally assess microbial diversity by 16S rRNA gene surveying. We found that the majority of water sources exhibited chemical and bacterial contamination exceeding WHO guidelines. Further analysis of the chemical and bacterial data indicated site-specific pollution, symptomatic of highly localized fecal contamination. Rainfall was found to be a key driver of this fecal contamination, correlating with nitrates and evidence of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, for which DNA was detectable in 333 (77%) and 303 (70%) of 432 water samples, respectively. 16S rRNA gene surveying outlined a spectrum of fecal bacteria in the contaminated water, forming complex communities again displaying location-specific temporal signatures. Our data signify that the municipal water in Kathmandu is a predominant vehicle for the transmission of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A. This study represents the first extensive spatiotemporal investigation of water pollution in an endemic typhoid fever setting and implicates highly localized human waste as the major contributor to poor water quality in the Kathmandu Valley.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004346
UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:	Rees (from October 2014)
ISSN:	1935-2727
Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:	Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.
Additional Keywords:	Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, coliforms, nitrates, enteric fever
NORA Subject Terms:	Ecology and Environment Health Biology and Microbiology
Date made live:	13 Jan 2016 16:43 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/510814

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004346

UKCEH and CEH Sections/Science Areas:

Rees (from October 2014)

ISSN:

1935-2727

Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:

Open Access paper - full text available via Official URL link.

Additional Keywords:

Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, coliforms, nitrates, enteric fever