Subaqueous, basaltic lava dome and carapace breccia on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Smellie, J. L.; Millar, I. L.; Butterworth, P. J.; Rex, D. C.. 1998 Subaqueous, basaltic lava dome and carapace breccia on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Bulletin of Volcanology, 59 (4). 245-261. 10.1007/s004450050189

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050189

Abstract/Summary

On King George Island during latest Oligocene/earliest Miocene time, submarine eruptions resulted in the emplacement of a small (ca. 500 m estimated original diameter) basalt lava dome at Low Head. The dome contains a central mass of columnar rock enveloped by fractured basalt and basalt breccia. The breccia is crystalline and is a joint-block deposit (lithic orthobreccia) interpreted as an unusually thick dome carapace breccia cogenetic with the columnar rock. It was formed in situ by a combination of intense dilation, fracturing and shattering caused by natural hydrofracturing during initial dome effusion and subsequent endogenous emplacement of further basalt melt, now preserved as the columnar rock. Muddy matrix with dispersed hyaloclastite and microfossils fills fractures and diffuse patches in part of the fractured basalt and breccia lithofacies. The sparse glass-rich clasts formed by cooling-contraction granulation during interaction between chilled basalt crust and surrounding water. Together with muddy sediment, they were injected into the dome by hydrofracturing, local steam fluidisation and likely explosive bulk interaction. The basalt lava was highly crystallised and degassed prior to extrusion. Together with a low effusion temperature and rapid convective heat loss in a submarine setting, these properties significantly affected the magma rheology (increased the viscosity and shear strength) and influenced the final dome-like form of the extrusion. Conversely, high heat retention was favoured by the degassed state of the magma (minimal undercooling), a thick breccia carapace and viscous shear heating, which helped to sustain magmatic (eruption) temperatures and enhanced the mobility of the flow.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	10.1007/s004450050189
Programmes:	BGS Programmes > NERC Isotope Geoscience Laboratory BAS Programmes > Pre 2000 programme
ISSN:	0258-8900
Date made live:	18 Dec 2013 11:43 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/504339

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

10.1007/s004450050189

Programmes:

BGS Programmes > NERC Isotope Geoscience Laboratory
BAS Programmes > Pre 2000 programme

ISSN:

0258-8900

Date made live:

18 Dec 2013 11:43 +0 (UTC)

URI:

https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/504339