Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea

Atkinson, Helen M.; Huang, Ru-Jin; Chance, Rosie; Roscoe, Howard K.; Hughes, Claire; Davison, Brian; Schönhardt, Anja; Mahajan, Anoop S.; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso; Hoffmann, Thorsten; Liss, Peter S.. 2012 Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12. 11229-11244. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012

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Abstract/Summary

Iodine compounds were measured above, below and within the sea ice of the Weddell Sea during a cruise in 2009, to make progress in elucidating the mechanism of local enhancement and volatilisation of iodine. I2 mixing ratios of up to 12.4 pptv were measured 10 m above the sea ice, and up to 31 pptv was observed above surface snow on the nearby Brunt Ice Shelf – large amounts. Atmospheric IO of up to 7 pptv was measured from the ship, and the average sum of HOI and ICl was 1.9 pptv. These measurements confirm the Weddell Sea as an iodine hotspot. Average atmospheric concentrations of CH3I, C2H5I, CH2ICl, 2-C3H7I, CH2IBr and 1-C3H7I were each 0.2 pptv or less. On the Brunt Ice Shelf, enhanced concentrations of CH3I and C2H5I (up to 0.5 and 1 pptv respectively) were observed in firn air, with a diurnal profile that suggests the snow may be a source. In the sea ice brine, iodocarbons concentrations were over 10 times those of the sea water below. The sum of iodide + iodate was depleted in sea ice samples, suggesting some missing iodine chemistry. Flux calculations suggest I2 dominates the iodine atom flux to the atmosphere, but models cannot reconcile the observations and suggest either a missing iodine source or other deficiencies in our understanding of iodine chemistry. The observation of new particle formation, consistent with the model predictions, strongly suggests an iodine source. This combined study of iodine compounds is the first of its kind in this unique region of sea ice rich in biology and rich in iodine chemistry.

Item Type:	Publication - Article
Digital Object Identifier (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012
Programmes:	BAS Programmes > Polar Science for Planet Earth (2009 - ) > Chemistry and Past Climate
ISSN:	1680-7316
NORA Subject Terms:	Chemistry
Date made live:	06 Mar 2012 08:13 +0 (UTC)
URI:	https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/16978

Item Type:

Publication - Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012

Programmes:

BAS Programmes > Polar Science for Planet Earth (2009 - ) > Chemistry and Past Climate

ISSN:

1680-7316

NORA Subject Terms:

Chemistry

Date made live:

06 Mar 2012 08:13 +0 (UTC)