Space weather applications of Geomagnetic Observatory Data

Solar maximum is expected between late 2012 and early 2014. Space weather impacts on worldwide technological infrastructures are therefore likely to be at their greatest at this time. These infrastructures include power grids, pipelines, railways, communications, satellite operations, high latitude air travel and global navigation satellite systems. For example, severe magnetic storms in March 1989 and October 2003, near the peaks of previous solar cycles, were particularly significant in causing problems for a wide variety of technologies. Further back in time, severe storms in September 1859 and May 1921 are known to have been a problem for the more rudimentary technologies of the time. In this paper we review examples of these impacts, what scientific research and measurement is underway, or is still needed, and how the geomagnetic observatory community can best contribute to the ongoing efforts in developing new space weather data products. Throughout, the need for near to real-time observatory data and products to help space weather forecasters and to serve industry and government is emphasised. We also discuss how industry perceives the space weather hazard, using examples from the electrical power industry, concerned with the risk to high voltage transformers and the safe and uninterrupted distribution of electrical power.